The American Stroke Association (ASA) has issued a new updated guideline for primary stroke prevention.
The first update in a decade, the 2024 Guideline for the Primary Prevention of Stroke, replaces the 2014 version and is intended to be a resource for clinicians to help them implement a variety of prevention strategies in patients with no previous history of stroke. It aligns with the American Heart Association’s Life’s Essential 8.
“This guideline is important because new discoveries have been made since the last update 10 years ago. Understanding which people are at increased risk of a first stroke and providing support to preserve heart and brain health can help prevent a first stroke,” chair of the guideline writing group, Cheryl D. Bushnell, MD, MHS, FAHA, and vice chair of the research, Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, said in a release.
It was published online on October 21 in Stroke.
Up to 80% of Strokes Preventable
Estimates show that every year in the United States, more than 500,000 individuals have a first stroke. However, the guideline authors noted that up to 80% of strokes may be preventable. As a result, they called for better primary stroke prevention that includes improved screening and lifestyle changes.
This includes adoption of the Mediterranean diet, which has been shown to significantly reduce stroke risk, especially when supplemented with consumption of nuts and olive oil.
The guideline recommendations also emphasize the need for physical activity, which is “essential” for cardiovascular health and stroke reduction. The authors underscored this point and provided a new recommendation to screen for sedentary behavior and advise patients to avoid inactivity and engage in regular moderate to vigorous physical activity.
Another new recommendation is based on “robust” data that glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1s) significantly improve the management of type 2 diabetes, weight loss, and lower the risk for cardiovascular disease. As a result, guideline authors called for the use of GLP-1s in patients with diabetes and high cardiovascular risk or established cardiovascular disease.
Effective blood pressure (BP) management is crucial for stroke prevention, the guideline authors noted. However, they pointed out that data from randomized controlled trials show that a single antihypertensive medication is only effective in about 30% of participants.
They noted that most patients only achieve the desired BP target with two to three medications. In-line with these data, the committee recommends using at least two antihypertensives for primary stroke prevention in most patients who require BP-lowering medications.
At Least Two Meds Needed to Drop BP
Effective BP management is crucial for stroke prevention. Randomized controlled trials show that a single antihypertensive medication helps only about 30% of participants reach their BP target, while most achieve it with two or three medications. Therefore, the committee recommends using at least two antihypertensives for primary stroke prevention in most patients who require medication for hypertension.
In patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) or systemic lupus erythematosus and no history of stroke or unprovoked venous thromboembolism, the authors recommended antiplatelet therapy to prevent stroke. They added that patients with APS who have had a prior unprovoked venous thrombosis will likely benefit from vitamin K antagonist therapy (target international normalized ratio, 2-3) over direct oral anticoagulants.
Preventing pregnancy-related stroke is achieved primarily by managing hypertension, the guideline authors noted. They recommended treating verified systolic BP over 160 mm Hg or diastolic BP over 110 mm Hg during pregnancy and up to 6 weeks postpartum to lower the risk for fatal maternal intracerebral hemorrhage.
They noted that adverse pregnancy outcomes are also common and linked to chronic hypertension, which increases stroke risk later in life. Therefore, they recommended screening for these outcomes to assess and manage vascular risk factors. The guideline includes a screening tool to help with this in clinical practice.
Endometriosis, premature ovarian failure (before age 40 years), and early-onset menopause (before age 45 years) are all associated with increased stroke risk. As a result, the guideline authors said screening for all three of these conditions is a “reasonable step in the evaluation and management of vascular risk factors in these individuals to reduce stroke risk.”
Finally, the guideline authors addressed primary stroke prevention in transgender individuals, noting that transgender women undergoing estrogen therapy for gender affirmation are at increased risk. They emphasized that evaluating and modifying risk factors could be beneficial for reducing stroke risk in this patient population.
